Thursday, 5 May 2011

gta chate codes

Submitted by:Jason

Attract Followers

To draw a crowd that follows you wherever you go, enter this code during gameplay: CIRCLE, X, L1, L1, R2, X, X, CIRCLE, TRIANGLE. (You can have your followers beat up other people if you hit them first.)
Submitted by:IGN Guides

Cars Float

To make cars able to drive on water, enter this code during gameplay: RIGHT, R2, CIRCLE, R1, L2, SQUARE, R1, R2. This cheat is helpful when going after hidden packages in the water.
Submitted by:IGN Guides

Change the Weather

To change the weather, enter one of the codes listed below:

  • Normal: R2, X, L1, L1, L2, L2, L2, DOWN
  • Rainy: R2, X, L1, L1, L2, L2, L2, CIRCLE
  • Foggy: R2, X, L1, L1, L2, L2, L2, X
  • Overcast: R2, X, L1, L1, L2, L2, L2, SQUARE
  • Sunny: R2, X, L1, L1, L2, L2, L2, TRIANGLE
Submitted by:danman

Cheat: Low Gravity

During game play, press RIGHT, R2, CIRCLE, R1, L2, DOWN, L1, R1. Press UP while you accelerate to make the car hover off of the ground.
Submitted by:IGN Guides

Even More Weapons

Even more weapons--chainsaw included! Press R1, R2, L1, R2, LEFT, DOWN, RIGHT, UP, LEFT, DOWN, DOWN, DOWN during gameplay.
Submitted by:DJ Chadwick

Fast Motion

During gameplay, press TRIANGLE, UP, RIGHT, DOWN, L2, L1, SQUARE.
Submitted by:IGN Guides

Faster Traffic

To make the traffic speedier and less easy to jack, enter this code during gameplay: R2, CIRCLE, R1, L2, LEFT, R1, L1, R2, L2.
Submitted by:IGN Guides

Health

To get instant health, enter this code during gameplay: R1, R2, L1, CIRCLE, LEFT, DOWN, RIGHT, UP, LEFT, DOWN, RIGHT, UP.
Submitted by:IGN Guides

Improve Driving Skill

To make yourself better behind the wheel, enter this code during gameplay: TRIANGLE, R1, R1, LEFT, R1, L1, R2, L1. Then press L3 to jump when in a vehicle.
Submitted by:IGN Guides

Instant Body Armor

To get body armor in an instant, press these buttons during gameplay: R1, R2, L1, X, LEFT, DOWN, RIGHT, UP, LEFT, DOWN, RIGHT, UP.
Submitted by:IGN Guides

Kill Yourself

To commit suicide on the stop, press these buttons (this will also reset your outfit): RIGHT, L2, DOWN, R1, LEFT, LEFT, R1, L1, L2, L1.
Submitted by:IGN_Cheats

Lower Wanted Level By Two Stars

To make the cops automatically leave you alone, enter this code during gameplay: R1, R1, CIRCLE, R2, UP, DOWN, UP, DOWN, UP, DOWN.
Submitted by:IGN_Cheats

Make All Cars Explode

To blow up all cars at once, press R2, L2, R1, L1, L2, R2, SQUARE, TRIANGLE, CIRCLE, TRIANGLE, L2, L1 during gameplay.
Submitted by:Alex Pachino

Media Level

Press R2, CIRCLE, UP, L1, RIGHT, R1, RIGHT, UP, SQUARE, TRIANGLE during play to display your media level.
Submitted by:IGN Guides

More Weapons

This batch includes the rocket launcher, machine gun, katana, grenades, pistol, shotgun, and uzi. During gameplay, press R1, R2, L1, R2, LEFT, DOWN, RIGHT, UP, LEFT, DOWN, DOWN, LEFT.
Submitted by:Sumblieuy

New Tires

When your tire gets blown out enter R2, L2, L1, CIRCLE, LEFT, DOWN, RIGHT, UP, LEFT, DOWN, RIGHT, UP.
Submitted by:wnagstaklown

Parking Meter

Drive over parking meters to empty cash into the streets. It's free money!
Submitted by:IGN Guides

Pedestrians Go Nuts

To make the pedestrians attack anything in sight, enter this code during gameplay: DOWN, LEFT, UP, LEFT, X, R2, R1, L2, L1. This one has similar results: DOWN, UP, UP, UP, X, R2, R1, L2, L2.
Submitted by:IGN Guides

Play as Different Characters (In Appearance Only)

To make Tommy look like another character, enter one of the cheats listed below during gameplay.

  • Red Leather: RIGHT, RIGHT, LEFT, UP, L1, L2, LEFT, UP, DOWN, RIGHT
  • Candy Suxxx: CIRCLE, R2, DOWN, R1, LEFT, RIGHT, R1, L1, X, L2
  • Hilary King: R1, CIRCLE, R2, L1, RIGHT, R1, L1, X, R2
  • Ken Rosenberg: RIGHT, L1, UP, L2, L1, RIGHT, R1, L1, X, R1
  • Lance Vance: CIRCLE, L2, LEFT, X, R1, L1, X, L1
  • Love Fist 1: DOWN, L1, DOWN, L2, LEFT, X, R1, L1, X, X
  • Love Fist 2: R1, L2, R2, L1, RIGHT, R2, LEFT, X, SQUARE, L1
  • Mercedes: R2, L1, UP, L1, RIGHT, R1, Right, UP, Circle, Triangle
  • Phil Cassady: RIGHT, R1, UP, R2, L1, RIGHT, R1, L1, RIGHT, CIRCLE
  • Ricardo Diaz: L1, L2, R1, R2, DOWN, L1, R2, L2
  • Sonny Forelli: CIRCLE, L1, CIRCLE, L2, LEFT, X, R1, L1, X, X
Submitted by:IGN Guides

Raise Wanted Level By Two Stars

To bring the serious law-enforcement heat, enter this code during gameplay: R1, R1, CIRCLE, R2, LEFT, RIGHT, LEFT, RIGHT, LEFT, RIGHT.
Submitted by:IGN Guides

Slow Motion

To make everything go in slow-mo, enter these buttons during gameplay: TRIANGLE, UP, RIGHT, DOWN, SQUARE, R2, R1.
Submitted by:IGN Guides

Speed Up Gameplay

To make everything go faster, press these buttons during gameplay: CIRCLE, CIRCLE, L1, SQUARE, L1, SQUARE, SQUARE, SQUARE, L1, TRIANGLE, CIRCLE, TRIANGLE. Notice the time flying by in the upper corner of the screen.
Submitted by:IGN Guides

Turn Cars Black

To make all vehicles black, press these buttons during gameplay: CIRCLE, L2, UP, R1, LEFT, X, R1, L1, LEFT, CIRCLE.
Submitted by:IGN Guides

Turn Cars Pink

To make every vehicle a shade of pink, press these buttons during gameplay: CIRCLE, L1, DOWN, L2, LEFT, X, R1, L1, RIGHT, CIRCLE.
Submitted by:Jon Probasco

Weapons

During gameplay, press the following for a smattering of weapons: R2, R2, R1, R2, L1, R2, LEFT, DOWN, RIGHT, UP, LEFT DOWN, RIGHT, UP. This will give you one weapon in every weapon class, including a flamethrower and Uzi. Mmmm.... carnage.
Submitted by:IGN Guides

Unlock Rhino Tank

The creme de la creme... the Rhino! To unlock it, enter this code during gameplay: CIRCLE, CIRCLE, L1, CIRCLE, CIRCLE, CIRCLE, L1, L2, R1, TRIANGLE, CIRCLE, TRIANGLE.
Submitted by:Jake the Snake

Glitch: Drive Through Wall at Stadium

While you are driving any car, go to the stadium. There are two helicopter pads on the north side of the building. There is a wall near them that runs east to west. You can drive through this wall.

11 Unlockables

Submitted by:IGN Guides

150 Health

To get a maximum health of 150, get up to level 10 in the Pizza Boy vehicle mission.
Submitted by:IGN Guides

Bloodring Banger and Bloodring Banger Race Car

To make the Bloodring Banger fall from the heavens, press these buttons during gameplay: UP, RIGHT, RIGHT, L1, RIGHT, UP, SQUARE, L2.
To unlock the Bloodring Banger Race Car, enter this code: DOWN, R1, CIRCLE, L2, L2, X, R1, L1, LEFT, LEFT.
Submitted by:IGN Guides

Caddie (Golf Cart) in City

To make a golf cart fall out of the sky, press these buttons during gameplay: CIRCLE, L1, UP, R1, L2, X, R1, L1, CIRCLE, X.
Submitted by:IGN Guides

Hotring Racers

To unlock these cars, enter the corresponding codes during gameplay:
Hotring Racer 1: R1, CIRCLE, R2, RIGHT, L1, L2, X, X, SQUARE, R1.
Hotring Racer 2: R2, L1, CIRCLE, RIGHT, L1, R1, RIGHT, UP, CIRCLE, R2.
Submitted by:Jason

Increase Maximum Armor

Reach level 12 in the vigilante missions to increase your maximum amount of armor to 150.
Submitted by:IGN_Cheats

Infinite Sprint

To get infinite sprint, complete Level 12 of the ambulance mission. Tommy will be able to sprint indefinitely without getting winded.
Submitted by:IGN Guides

Love Fist Limo

To unlock Love Fist's limo, enter this cheat during gameplay... and look out below: R2, UP, L2, LEFT, LEFT, R1, L1, CIRCLE, RIGHT.
Submitted by:IGN Guides

Romero's Hearse

What's cooler than tooling around in a hearse? To activate this cheat, press the following buttons during gameplay: DOWN, R2, DOWN, R1, L2, LEFT, R1, L1, LEFT, RIGHT.
Submitted by:IGN Guides

Sabre Turbo

To unlock the Sabre Turbo, press these buttons during gameplay: RIGHT, L2, DOWN, L2, L2, X, R1, L1, CIRCLE, LEFT.
Submitted by:IGN_Cheats

Taxi Boost

Once you have dropped off 100 people during Taxi missions in GTA: Vice City, you will unlock Boost, which allows you to jump using the L3 button whenever you're in a taxi.
Submitted by:IGN Guides

Trashmaster

To unlock the trash truck in Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, press these buttons during gameplay: CIRCLE, R1, CIRCLE, R1, LEFT, LEFT, R1, L1, CIRCLE, RIGHT.

24 Hints

Submitted by:nightblade

UZI Ammo

Here's an ammo cheat for Grand Theft Auto: Vice City. Go to the Biker Bar (where you can do missions). Put your back to the front of it and run to your right and around the street corner. Then look to your left. You'll see a staircase leading up to a rooftop. There is Uzi 9mm ammo underneath it. There is also a shack that you can buy on the top of the roof. You can travel between the save point at the shack and the ammo as many times as you like, as right after you save, there is more ammo there again.
Submitted by:zelldincht13

Dial the Numbers

Write down the phone numbers you hear on the radio commercials in the game. They all work! Here's a list:

  • 1-866-PILLAGE
  • 1-866-9-BURY ME
  • 1-866-9-SAVE ME
  • 1-866-9-SHADEE
  • 1-866-434-SELF
Submitted by:IGN_Cheats

Hidden Package Rewards

Find Hidden Packages in the game to unlock items that will appear in your safehouse (usually the upstairs room in the Ocean View Hotel). Check out the table below to see what unlocks what:
Number of Packages Reward Where It Shows Up
10 Body Armor Ocean View Hotel/Starfish Island Mansion
20 Chainsaw Ocean View Hotel/Starfish Island Mansion
30 Python Ocean View Hotel/Starfish Island Mansion
40 Flame-thrower Ocean View Hotel/Starfish Island Mansion
50 Laser Scope Sniper Rifle Ocean View Hotel/Starfish Island Mansion
60 Minigun Ocean View Hotel/Starfish Island Mansion
70 Rocket Launcher Ocean View Hotel/Starfish Island Mansion
80 Sea Sparrow Starfish Island Mansion Helipad
90 Rhino Fort Baxter Air Base
100 Hunter + $100,000 Fort Baxter Air Base
Submitted by:IGN_Cheats

Kill Your Buddies and Steal Their Cash

Once you move into the Starfish Island mansion in Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, you will always have a gaggle of goons hanging around your crib. You can milk them for money. And by milk I mean kill. Because they're your friends, and you're the boss, none of them will retaliate. Beat them senseless with any available weapon, then grab the cash they drop. It isn't a lot, but it is easy money.
Submitted by:IGN Guides

Quick Reload

While holding a weapon, press R2, then L2 quickly (or vice versa) to reload in Grand Theft Auto: Vice City.
Submitted by:Nick Gallup

Restore Health

Go to the hotel's save point. When the game asks you if you want to save, select a game and click it. When the "Overwrite?" message appears, select "No", and return to Grand Theft Auto: Vice City.
Submitted by:tip2may

Rob the Bank

After you've completed the Malibu mission "The Job", you can rob El Banco Corrupto Grande for some easy money. Walk in and turn right up the stairs. This will earn you a four star wanted level. Walk into the manager's office to get 1/3 of the cash. The rest is in the room with the elevator, on the right side. Then jump off the balcony and run out. To shake the cops, you can turn left to the nearby Pay N' Spray. It's not much, but it's easy cash.
Submitted by:IGN_Cheats

See the Village People

Go into the Malibu Club and take a gander at the stage. There, you'll find a reasonable facsimile of the Village People.
Submitted by:aruda3

Shoot The Moon

The moon changes size when shot at with the Sniper Rifle in Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, just like in GTA 3.
Submitted by:gertzman

Run Faster, Longer

To run fast for longer periods of time, tap X repeatedly instead of holding it down. You will run at the same speed as if you were holding the button, but you can do it for a much longer period of time.
Submitted by:Dave Z

Instant Health Power-up

This trick worked in GTA III as well. Drive up next to a hooker and wait. If you're driving a swank enough car, she'll start talking to you. Eventually, she'll get into the car. At this point, drive to a quiet spot and let the magic happen. The car will start rocking, and your "health" will grow from 100 to 125. Your pocketbook will take a hit though. This health-up only works until the next time you die.
Submitted by:VideoGamer12

Super Speed in Tank

Turn the tank's turrent around so that it faces backwards, and repeatedly fire rounds to send the tank speeding.
Submitted by:Demion

"Easter Egg" Easter Egg

Head to the 8-10 VCN Building (the news building) on the west island of Vice City. The news building is by the northern bridge entrance on the west island. You can enter the door of the news building and head up to the roof.
Along with the news chopper, there's an easter egg you can get to. There's another buiding close by, but on an angle with the window closest to the edge of the heliport. Make a sprinting jump through the window and you should see an empty room with an easter egg in the middle.
Submitted by:Jared and Joey

Bullet Proof Cars

Admiral. Also fire-proof, explosion-proof, and collision-proof. Activate the Guardian Angels mission (from Colonel Cortez), and kill the Haitian gang members. The Admiral is the white car Diaz drives in the cut-scene. Deliberately fail the mission by killing Diaz, Lance, or letting the Haitian biker escape with Diaz's money.
Once the mission fails, the Admiral's doors will be unlocked and you can drive it back to the garage of your choice. Naturally, you will need to purchase property that has a garage first.
Sabre Turbo. Pick up a sniper rifle or assault rifle that allows Tommy to shoot through a first person view. During the mission "The Driver" (this mission is available only after certain conditions are met, primarily buying the Malibu Club) remain at the Malibu Club and wait for the Sabre Turbo come for the race. When it does, shoot the driver in the head and sieze it quickly before the cops come. The Sabre Turbo is faster than the Admiral, but is not collision proof.
Submitted by:Andrew Carvajal

Easier Flight From Justice (Cortez)

Once you reach the final mission for Cortez, it's a long mission of shooting boats and people, just do this: get 2 cars and park them in the pier next to the one to enter Cortez's missions, and put them in a way so that its practically impossible to get across through the pier (it's easier than it sounds), and go do the mission. When you start the mission a cutscene will come that shows a bunch of people trying to come through the pier you blocked, but they can't. They really would have if not done. Then you can relax on your boatride with Colonel Cortez. There may me a few people at the end but it makes life a whole lot easier since you saved yourself a lot of trouble of killing about fifty to seventy people.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Submitted by:Demion

Scarface Easter Egg

There's a Scarface easter egg in the form of a bloody bathroom and a chainsaw weapon.
Go to the Pay N' Spray at Ocean beach, then go south and take the first left. On your left, you'll see a two story apartment with two sets of stairs on the second floor.
Head up the stairs to the right and you'll see a black doorway. Check out the bathroom in apartment 3c and compare it to the movie.
Submitted by:Jayson Valentine

Steal Bulletproof Sabre Turbo

When you are doing the mission, "The Driver," stay by the Malibu Club until you fail the mission. After you fail it, a Sabre Turbo will be parked by the Malibu. This car is bulletproof and locked, but you can still steal it. Take a car with good ramming power (preferably a Coach) and then push this bulletproof Sabre Turbo into your nearest garage (which should be the one at the Vercetti Estate).
Submitted by:orry

Airport Shortcut

There's a shortcut between Little Havana and Escobar Airport in Grand Theft Auto: Vice City. On the road beside the cafe, find an ally that goes towards the airport. If you drive down that alley, you can go through the hole in the fence. Now you don't have to drive around the airport. (This shortcut can be helpful when you need to save time during the paramedic missions.)
Submitted by:Aaron

Easy Money on Stunt Boat Challenge

On the first Umberto Robina mission, get in the boat and then press TRIANGLE to step away from the wheel. Attack Umberto's henchman, who's in the boat with you, until he's on the floor of the boat. Now every time you kick him, you'll receive the Good Citizen award of $50. Wait until your cash stops adding before kicking him again or it won't count. (You do not have to wait until the Good Citizen bonus message leaves the screen, however.)
Submitted by:Savvy

Faster Reload

To reload your guns more quickly, switch to another weapon and then switch back. Your ammo will be automatically reloaded whenever you switch weapons.
Submitted by:Mijit

Getting the Apache Chopper

For those who want to fly the Apache but don't want to get all 100 hidden packeges, get a cop uniform from the Washington Beach Police Department. Use any chopper to fly into the army base. Go to the northwest corner to find the Apache. If you don't have the cop uniform, the soldiers will shoot you out of the sky.
Submitted by:NullOmnivore

Easy Crazy Stunt Money

Get a bike and do a wheely. Keep the wheely going until you hit a lamp post or any other pole along the streets. If you crash at the correct angle, you should spin several times, thus gaining 40 to 100 dollars easily.
Submitted by:IGN Guides

Porno Flyers

After you complete the mission that dumps porn flyers all over the city, the flyers will continue to blow around town as long as you're playing the game.
Submitted by:Farrar

Reduced Felony

If you want to kill cops without receiving a load of wanted stars in Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, use the main blade of a helicopter and angle it so that the blade hits them. You accrue less "wanted points" this way.

Grand Theft Auto: Vice City (Video Game 2002)

Action | C
    9.4/10  
Users: (5,104 votes) 84 reviews | Critics: 7 reviews

After being released from jail, Tommy Vercetti left Liberty City for Vice City--a city overrun by the mob. Now, Tommy is out to make the Vice City his home.

Director:

Navid Khonsari

Writers:

Dan H»

Stars:

Ray Liotta,
 

gta voic city game

By Justin Speer
Design by Katie Bush



Special thanks to Rodolphe Dupont & Nicolas Ganivet of ALL-VICE-CITY for providing the excellent location maps, an invaluable contribution to the guide.

Grand Theft Auto: Vice City

Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Image 4
Add caption
(PS2)
Grand Theft Auto: Vice City provides just about everything you'd want in a follow-up to an outstanding game.
Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Image 3

Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Images



INTRO

Having just spent 15 hard years doing time, Tommy Vercetti is no sooner released than his old boss sends him to the hedonistic tropical paradise of Vice City to carve out a slice of the narcotics pie for the family. But his
Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Image 1
Add caption
first big job in Vice City goes bad, leaving him penniless and out to get back his money and get revenge. As a stranger in a strange land, you have to prove yourself, make connections, and get your hands dirty in Vice City.

The newest Grand Theft Auto is a huge game in every sense of the word. A huge living city lies before you, boasting an amazing degree of freedom and a wealth of diverse gameplay options.
Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Image 2
Add caption
This guide will provide:
  • Strategies for survival and techniques for handling all vehicle and weapon types.
  • Tips on how and where to acquire properties and seize complete control of Vice City.
  • Complete walk-throughs for core, secondary, and extra missions in the game.
  • All the secrets, cheats, and bugs you need to know.

gta vice city game



  • Set in the 80s
  • Power, glamour, and corruption
  • More freedom of movement than ever before.
  • Gangs are much more intelligent in this game, and so are pedestrians - don't worry, you've got all-new moves and weapons to face them with
  • There's also a much wider selection vehicles -- boats, motorcycles and more New camera angles like the over-the-shoulder view

progect igi game

Project IGI: I'm Going In Box Art
You've survived worse, but not by much. Now you have to bandage your wounds, infiltrate a fortified Russian Base, disable the security system, and get the goods?then the real excitement begins! Project IGI (for "I'm Going In") is the first military stealth shooter to stress cunning and covertness over firepower. Use all the latest spy equipment and weapons to get the job done without detection. Battle your way through Eastern Europe in pursuit of a homicidal ex-Russian Colonel bent on turning Europe into a radioactive wasteland. An adrenaline producing plot keeps you glued to your mouse as you go behind enemy lines to save the world from nuclear terror. Genre: Action
Publisher: Eidos Interactive
Developer/Co-Developer: Innerloop / Nixxes Software BV

the mishan games

online cricket

Cricket

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cricket
Pollock to Hussey.jpg
A bowler bowling to a batsman. The paler strip is the cricket pitch. The two sets of three wooden stumps on the pitch are the wickets. The two white lines are the creases.
Highest governing body International Cricket Council
Nickname(s) "The Gentleman's game"
First played 16th century (modern)
Characteristics
Team members 11 players per side
substitute fielders (only) are permitted in cases of injury or illness
Mixed gender Single
Categorization Team, Bat-and-ball
Equipment Cricket ball, cricket bat,
wicket: stumps, bails
Venue Cricket field
Olympic 1900 Summer Olympics only
Cricket is a bat-and-ball team game. Many variations exist, with its most popular form played on an oval-shaped outdoor arena known as a cricket field, at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard (20.12 m) long pitch that is the focus of the game. A game (or match) is contested between two teams of 11 players each. One team bats, trying to score as many runs as possible while the other team bowls and fields, trying to dismiss the batsmen and thus limit the runs scored by the batting team. A run is scored by the striking batsman hitting the ball with his bat, running to the opposite end of the pitch and touching the crease there without being dismissed. The teams switch between batting and fielding at the end of an innings.
There are also variations in the length of a game of cricket. In professional cricket this ranges from a limit of 20 overs of six bowling deliveries per side (Twenty20) to a game played over 5 days (Test cricket, which is the highest level of the game). Depending on the form of the match being played, there are different rules that govern how a game is won, lost, drawn or tied. The rules of two-innings games are known as the Laws of Cricket and maintained by the International Cricket Council (ICC) and the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC); additional Standard Playing Conditions for Test matches and One Day Internationals augment these laws.[1] In one version of Indoor Cricket, matches include just 6 players per side and include two 12-over innings.[2]
Cricket was first documented as being played in southern England in the 16th century. By the end of the 18th century, it had developed to the point where it had become the national sport of England. The expansion of the British Empire led to cricket being played overseas and by the mid-19th century the first international matches were being held. The ICC is the game's governing body and currently has 10 full member countries.[3]

Contents

[hide]

History

Early cricket was at some time or another described as "a club striking a ball (like) the ancient games of club-ball, stool-ball, trap-ball, stob-ball".[4] Cricket can definitely be traced back to Tudor times in early 16th-century England. Written evidence exists of a game known as creag being played by Prince Edward, the son of Edward I (Longshanks), at Newenden, Kent in 1301[5] and there has been speculation, but no evidence, that this was a form of cricket.
A number of other words have been suggested as sources for the term "cricket". In the earliest definite reference to the sport in 1598,[6] it is called creckett. Given the strong medieval trade connections between south-east England and the County of Flanders when the latter belonged to the Duchy of Burgundy, the name may have been derived from the Middle Dutch[7] krick(-e), meaning a stick (crook); or the Old English cricc or cryce meaning a crutch or staff.[8] In Old French, the word criquet seems to have meant a kind of club or stick.[9] In Samuel Johnson's Dictionary, he derived cricket from "cryce, Saxon, a stick".[10] Another possible source is the Middle Dutch word krickstoel, meaning a long low stool used for kneeling in church and which resembled the long low wicket with two stumps used in early cricket.[11] According to Heiner Gillmeister, a European language expert of Bonn University, "cricket" derives from the Middle Dutch phrase for hockey, met de (krik ket)sen (i.e., "with the stick chase").[12] Dr Gillmeister believes that not only the name but the sport itself is of Flemish origin.[13]
The earliest definite reference to cricket being played in England (and hence anywhere) is in evidence given at a 1598 court case which mentions that "creckett" was played on common land in Guildford, Surrey, around 1550. The court in Guildford heard on Monday, 17 January 1597 (Julian date, equating to the year 1598 in the Gregorian calendar) from a 59 year-old coroner, John Derrick, who gave witness that when he was a scholar at the "Free School at Guildford", fifty years earlier, "hee and diverse of his fellows did runne and play [on the common land] at creckett and other plaies."[14][15] It is believed that it was originally a children's game but references around 1610[15] indicate that adults had started playing it and the earliest reference to inter-parish or village cricket occurs soon afterwards. In 1624, a player called Jasper Vinall was killed when he was struck on the head during a match between two parish teams in Sussex.[16]
The first English touring team on board ship at Liverpool in 1859
During the 17th century, numerous references indicate the growth of cricket in the south-east of England. By the end of the century, it had become an organised activity being played for high stakes and it is believed that the first professionals appeared in the years following the Restoration in 1660. A newspaper report survives of "a great cricket match" with eleven players a side that was played for high stakes in Sussex in 1697 and this is the earliest known reference to a cricket match of such importance.
The game underwent major development in the 18th century and became the national sport of England. Betting played a major part in that development with rich patrons forming their own "select XIs". Cricket was prominent in London as early as 1707 and large crowds flocked to matches on the Artillery Ground in Finsbury. The single wicket form of the sport attracted huge crowds and wagers to match. Bowling evolved around 1760 when bowlers began to pitch the ball instead of rolling or skimming it towards the batsman. This caused a revolution in bat design because, to deal with the bouncing ball, it was necessary to introduce the modern straight bat in place of the old "hockey stick" shape. The Hambledon Club was founded in the 1760s and, for the next 20 years until the formation of MCC and the opening of Lord's Old Ground in 1787, Hambledon was both the game's greatest club and its focal point. MCC quickly became the sport's premier club and the custodian of the Laws of Cricket. New Laws introduced in the latter part of the 18th century included the three stump wicket and leg before wicket (lbw).
Don Bradman had a Test average of 99.94 and an overall first-class average of 95.14, records unmatched by any other player.[17]
The 19th century saw underarm bowling replaced by first roundarm and then overarm bowling. Both developments were controversial. Organisation of the game at county level led to the creation of the county clubs, starting with Sussex CCC in 1839, which ultimately formed the official County Championship in 1890. Meanwhile, the British Empire had been instrumental in spreading the game overseas and by the middle of the 19th century it had become well established in India, North America, the Caribbean, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. In 1844, the first international cricket match took place between the United States and Canada (although neither has ever been ranked as a Test-playing nation).
In 1859, a team of England players went on the first overseas tour (to North America) and in 1862, an English team made the first tour of Australia. In 1876–77, an England team took part in the first-ever Test match at the Melbourne Cricket Ground against Australia.
W G Grace started his long career in 1865; his career is often said to have revolutionised the sport.[18] The rivalry between England and Australia gave birth to The Ashes in 1882 and this has remained Test cricket's most famous contest[citation needed]. Test cricket began to expand in 1888–89 when South Africa played England. The last two decades before the First World War have been called the "Golden Age of cricket". It is a nostalgic name prompted by the collective sense of loss resulting from the war, but the period did produce some great players and memorable matches, especially as organised competition at county and Test level developed.
The inter-war years were dominated by one player: Australia's Don Bradman, statistically the greatest batsman of all time. It was the determination of the England team to overcome his skill that brought about the infamous Bodyline series in 1932–33, particularly from the accurate short-pitched bowling of Harold Larwood. Test cricket continued to expand during the 20th century with the addition of the West Indies, India, and New Zealand before the Second World War and then Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh in the post-war period. However, South Africa was banned from international cricket from 1970 to 1992 because of its government's apartheid policy.
Cricket entered a new era in 1963 when English counties introduced the limited overs variant. As it was sure to produce a result, limited overs cricket was lucrative and the number of matches increased. The first Limited Overs International was played in 1971. The governing International Cricket Council (ICC) saw its potential and staged the first limited overs Cricket World Cup in 1975. In the 21st century, a new limited overs form, Twenty20, has made an immediate impact.