Game design
 | This section requires expansion. |
Sports games sometimes make use of different modes for different parts of the game. This is especially true in games about American football such as the Madden NFL series, where executing a pass play requires six different gameplay modes in the span of approximately 45 seconds.[1] Sometimes, other sports games offer a menu where players may select a strategy while play is temporarily suspended.[1] Soccer video games sometimes shift gameplay modes when it is time for the player to attempt a penalty kick, where a single athlete tries to kick a goal passed the other team's goal keeper with no presence from other players.[1] Some sports games also require players to shift roles between the athletes and the coach or manager. These mode switches are more intuitive than other game genres because they reflect actual sports.[1]
Older 2D sports games sometimes used an unrealistic graphical scale, where athletes appeared to be quite large in order to be visible to the player. As sports games have evolved, players have come to expect a realistic graphical scale with a high degree of verisimilitude.[1] Sports games often simplify the game physics for ease of play, and ignore factors such as a player's inertia.[1] Games typically take place with a highly accurate time-scale, although they usually allow players to play quick sessions with shorter game quarters or periods.[1]
Sports games sometimes treat button-pushes as continuous signals rather than discrete moves, in order to initiate and end a continuous action. For example, football games may distinguish between short and long passes based on how long the player holds a button. Golf games often initiate the backswing with one button-push, and the swing itself is initiated by a subsequent push.[1]
[edit] History
See also: History of computer and video games
[edit] Beginnings of sports games
Computer games prior to the late 1970s were primarily played on university mainframe computers under timesharing systems that supported multiple computer terminals on school campuses. The two dominant systems in this era were Digital Equipment Corporation's PDP-10 and Control Data Corporation's PLATO. Both could only display text, and not graphics,originally printed on teletype machines and line printers, but later printed on single-color CRT screens.
In 1967, Taito released an early electro-mechanical sports arcade game, Crown Soccer Special. It was a two-player football game that simulated association football, using various electronic components, including electronic versions of pinball flippers.[3] In 1969, Sega released an early electro-mechanical arcade racing game Grand Prix, which had electronic sound, a dashboard with a racing wheel and accelerator,[4] and a scrolling road projected on a screen.[5] In the 1970s, arcade video games began to appear, many of them centred around the sports genre, after it was popularized in 1972 by the commercial success of Atari's Pong, a two-player table tennis game that had similar gameplay to Tennis for Two.
In 1973, Taito released an early team sport video game, Davis Cup, a tennis doubles game with similar ball-and-paddle gameplay but played in doubles, with both players controlling two paddles each.[6] That year, Taito also released another early team sport video game, Soccer,[7] based on association football; it was also a ball-and-paddle game, but with a green background to simulate a playfield, allowed each player to control both a forward and a goalkeeper, and let them adjust the size of the players who were represented as paddles on screen.[8] Both Davis Cup and Soccer were designed by Tomohiro Nishikado of Space Invaders fame.[7] Early hockey video games were also released in 1973: Sega's Hockey TV,[9] and Taito's Pro Hockey, which had similar gameplay to Pong but with boundaries around the screen and only a small gap for the goal.[10] The first racing video game, Taito's Astro Race, was released in 1973,[11] followed in 1974 by Taito's Speed Race,[12] which was also designed by Nishikado[7] and introduced scrolling graphics,[13] as well as Atari's Gran Trak 10. In 1976, the subgenre was extended into three dimensions, with the forward-scrolling third-person perspective of Sega's motorbike racing game Moto-Cross,[14] soon re-branded as Fonz that same year,[15] and with the first-person perspective of Sega's Road Race[16] and Atari's Night Driver.
In 1974, Taito released Basketball, an early basketball game. It was an early example of a video game that displayed sprite images, both for the players and the baskets, and an early attempt at accurately simulating a team sport. Each player controlled two team members, a forward and a guard, both represented as sprite character images. The ball could be dribbled and passed between team members before shooting, and the ball had to fall into the opposing team's basket to score a point.[17] That same year, Sega released an association football game, Goal Kick, which was played like an early vertical ball-and-paddle game.[18] In 1975, UPL released an early four-player multiple-sports game, Video Action, which featured several different sporting minigames, including Pong-style variants of tennis, hockey, and association football, as well as an early volley ball game and a unique four-court tennis game. Video Action was also an early example of cooperative gameplay, as each sport could be played in teams of two.[19] That same year, Nintendo released EVR-Race, an early horse racing simulation game with support for up to six players.[20] In 1976, Sega released an early combat sport game, Heavyweight Champ, based on boxing and now considered the first fighting game.[21] In 1977, an early black-and-white American football game, Sega's Super Bowl, was released by Gremlin Industries,[22] followed in 1978 by Atari Football, which is considered to be the first video game to accurately emulate American football.[23] Taito also released an early bowling game in 1978, Top Bowler,[24] followed by an early baseball game in 1979, Ball Park.[25]
[edit] 1980s
Between 1980 and 1984, Atari and Mattel's Intellivision waged a series of high-stakes TV advertising campaigns promoting their respective systems, marking the start of the first console wars. Atari prevailed in arcade games and had a larger customer base due to its lower price, while Intellivision touted its visually superior sports games. Sports writer George Plimpton was featured in the Intellivision ads,[26] which showed the parallel games side by side. Both Atari and Intellivision fielded at least one game for baseball, American football, hockey, basketball, auto racing and association football.- Activision Tennis (1981)
- Track & Field (1982)
- Pole Position (1982)
In 1982, Taito released an early golf game, Birdie King,[30] Tehkan released an early swimming game, Swimmer,[31] and Data East released an early fishing game, Angler Dangler.[32] That same year, ZX Spectrum released the first association football management simulation, Football Manager, while Konami released an early athletics game, Track & Field, which featured multiple Olympic track & field events (including the 100-meter dash, long jump, javelin throw, 110-meter hurdles, hammer throw, and high jump) and allowed up to four players to compete.[33] In 1983, EA produced their first sports game Dr. J and Larry Bird Go One on One,[34] which was also the first licensed sports game based on the names and likenesses of famous athletes.
Another early sports game to show multiple camera angles in 1983 was Irem's MotoRace USA, a motorbike racing game that switched between vertical-scrolling and third-person views depending on the player's location on the map, switching to third-person view when near a city and to a vertical-scrolling view when on country roads.[36][37] Another early sports game to feature digitized voices from that year was Alpha Denshi's Exciting Soccer, an early influential soccer football game, which let one or two players choose from six teams, featured a control scheme where they could tackle, shoot, short-pass, and long-pass, featured an overhead view, and had realistic touches like corner kicks, throw-ins, penalty shots, and cheerleaders.[38] Another early soccer football game from that same year was Data East's Pro Soccer.[39] Two early water sport games, both based on waterskiing, were also released that year: Taito's Water Ski[40] and Irem's Tropical Angel, the latter also featuring a female player character.[41] That same year, Taito released Joshi Volleyball, an early volleyball game,[42] and they released Irem's 10-Yard Fight, an American-football game that featured an early career mode, where the player progresses from high school, to college, professional, playoff, and Super Bowl, as the difficulty increases with each step.[43] Meanwhile, Kaneko released Roller Aces, an early roller skating game played from a third-person perspective.[44] An early wrestling game, Technōs Japan's Tag-Team Wrestling, was also released that year,[45] and was followed by another wrestling game, Sega's Appoooh, the year after.[46]
In 1984, several early sports laserdisc video games were released, including Universal's Top Gear which featured 3D animated race car driving,[47] while Sega's GP World[48] and Taito's Laser Grand Prix[49] featured live-action footage. Sega also produced a unique bullfighting game, Bull Fight,[50] and a multiple-watersports game Water Match (published by Bally Midway), which included swimming, kayaking and boat racing;[51] while Taito released a fully third-person motorbike racing game Kick Start,[52] an early female sports game based on high-school track & field, The Undoukai,[53] and an early dirt track racing game Buggy Challenge, featuring a buggy.[54] Other early dirt racing games from that year were dirt bike games: Nintendo's Excitebike[55] and SNK's motocross game Jumping Cross.[56] Nintendo also released an early four-player racquet sport game, Vs. Tennis (the Nintendo Vs. System version of Tennis),[57] while SNK released an early horse racing game, Gladiator 1984.[58]
That same year, early ice hockey games were also released: Alpha Denshi's Bull Fighter[59] and Data East's Fighting Ice Hockey.[60] Data East also released a unique lawn sports game Haro Gate Ball, based on croquet,[61] while Nichibutsu released a unique game based on roller derby, Roller Jammer.[62] Meanwhile, Technos Japan released a unique game based on sumo wrestling, Syusse Oozumou,[63] and the first martial arts combat-sport game, Karate Champ, considered one of the most influential fighting games.[64][65] That same year, game designer Scott Orr founded GameStar, a game publisher specializing in Commodore 64 sports games, and served as its lead designer. GameStar was the most successful sports computer game company of its era, until Orr sold the company to Activision in 1986.[66]
In 1985, Sega released Hang-On, a popular early Grand Prix[disambiguation needed] style rear-view motorbike racer,[67] considered the first full-body-experience video game.[68] That same year, Nintendo released an early arm wrestling game, Arm Wrestling,[69] while Konami released a table tennis game that attempted to accurately reflect the sport, Konami's Ping Pong.[70] That year, Tehkan also released Tehkan World Cup, the first multiplayer soccer football game featuring a trackball controller,[71] where a button was used for kicking the ball and the trackball used for the direciton and speed of the shot, with gameplay that was fairly realistic.[72] In 1988, EA released Earl Weaver Baseball again developed by Don Daglow and Eddie Dombrower, which for the first time combined a highly accurate simulation game with high quality graphics. This was also the first game in which an actual baseball manager provided the computer AI. In 1996 Computer Gaming World named 'EWB the 25th of its Best 150 Games of All Time, the second highest ranking for any sports game in that 1981–1996 period (after FPS Football).[73]
[edit] 1990s
The 1990s began in the 16 bit era, as a wave of fourth generation video game consoles were created to handle more complex games and graphics.In 1989 EA producer Richard Hilleman hired GameStar's Scott Orr to re-design John Madden Football for the fast-growing Sega Genesis. In 1990 Orr and Hilleman released the game that is still recognized today as Madden Football, the best-selling title in the history of games in North America.[citation needed] They focused on producing a head-to-head two-player game with an intuitive interface and responsive controls.
Also in 1990, Taito released Football Champ, an early soccer football game to allow up to four players in multiplayer mode, involving both competitive and cooperative gameplay. It also let players perform a number of actions, including a back heel, power kick, high kick, sliding tackle, super shot, and fouling other players (kicking, punching, and pulling shirts), which the player can get away with if the referee isn't looking, but the referee will hand out a yellow or red penalty card if he spots foul play.[74]
Orr joined EA full-time in 1991 after the success of Madden on the Sega Genesis, and began a ten-year period of his career where he personally supervised the production of the Madden Football series. During this time EA formed EA Sports, a brand name used for sports games they produced. EA Sports created several ongoing series, with a new version released each year to reflect the changes in the sport and its teams since the previous release.
Later in the 1990s began the 32 bit era, with the release of Sony's PlayStation and 3D graphics cards for personal computers (PCs). These updated systems allowed sports games to be made in 3D. The first game to exploit these updates was Gremlin Interactive's Actua Soccer, released in 1995 for the PlayStation.
Meanwhile, Sierra Online released Front Page Sports Football in 1995 for the PC. The following year Computer Gaming World named it twelfth of the Best 150 Games of All Time, the highest ranking sports game in the list.[73]
[edit] Extreme sports enters into the mainstream
At the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st century, extreme sport video games began to appear more frequently.
In 1996, two early snowboarding games were released: Namco's Alpine Surfer in the arcades,[75] and the UEP Systems game Cool Boarders for the PlayStation console.[76] The following year, Square's popular role-playing video game, Final Fantasy VII, included a snowboarding minigame that was later released as an indepdendent snowboarding game, Final Fantasy VII Snowboarding, for mobile phones.[77] In 2000, SSX was released. Based around boardercross, the game featured fast downhill races, avoiding various objects whilst using others to perform jumps and increase the player's speed.[78]
In 1997, Sega released one of the first mainstream skateboarding games, Top Skater,[79] in the arcades, where it introduced a skateboard controller interface.[80] The following year saw the release of the console skateboarding game Street Sk8er, developed by Atelier Double and published by Electronic Arts. In 1999, the subgenre was further popularized by Tony Hawk's Pro Skater, an arcade-like skateboarding game where players were challenged to execute elaborate tricks or collect a series of elements hidden throughout the level.[79]
[edit] Sports gaming becomes big business
On 13 December 2004, Electronic Arts began a string of deals that granted exclusive rights to several prominent sports organizations, starting with the NFL.[81] This was quickly followed with two deals in January 2005 securing rights to the AFL[82] and ESPN licenses.[83] This was a particularly hard blow to Sega, the previous holder of the ESPN license, who had already been affected by EA's NFL deal. As the market for football brands was being quickly taken by EA, Take-Two Interactive responded by contacting the Major League Baseball Players Association and signing a deal that granted exclusive third-party major-league baseball rights;[84] a deal not as restrictive, as first-party projects were still allowed. The NBA was then approached by several developers, but declined to enter into an exclusivity agreement, instead granting long-term licenses to Electronic Arts, Take-Two Interactive, Midway Games, Sony, and Atari.[85] In April 2005, EA furthered its hold on American football licensing by securing rights to all NCAA brands.[86][edit] Physical movement
In 2006, Nintendo released Wii Sports, a Sports game for the Wii console in which the player had to physically move their Wii Remote to simulate movement of their avatar.[89] The game contained five different sports – boxing, bowling, golf, tennis, and baseball – which could all be played individually or with multiple players. Players could also track their skill progress through the game, as they became more proficient with at the different sports, and use the training mode to practice particular situations.[90]
Wii Sports opened the way for other physically reactive sports-based video games, such as Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games, the first official title to feature both Mario and Sonic the Hedgehog, in which players used the Wii Remote to simulate running, jumping and other Olympic sports.[91] In 2008, Nintendo released Wii Fit, which allowed players to do aerobic and fitness exercises using the Wii Balance Board.[92] In a similar light, 2008 saw the release of Mario Kart Wii, a racing game which allowed the player to use their remote with a Wii Wheel to act as a steering wheel, akin to those on traditional arcade racing games.[93]
[edit] Sports games today
The sports genre is currently dominated by EA Sports and 2K Sports, who hold licenses to produce games based on official leagues. EA's franchises include the FIFA series, the NBA Live series, the Madden Football series, the NHL series, and Tiger Woods series. All of these games feature real leagues, competitions and players. These games continue to sell well today despite many of the product lines being over a decade old, and receive, for the most part, consistently good reviews.With EA Sports' domination, the market has become very difficult to enter; competing games in any of the above genres, with the exception of racing games, tend to be unsuccessful. This has led to a sharp drop in sports-themed titles over recent years. One of the most notable exceptions is Konami's Pro Evolution Soccer series, which is often hailed as an alternative to the FIFA series, but does not contain as many licensed teams, players, kits, or competitions. Racing games, due to the variation that the sport can offer in terms of tracks, cars and styles, offer more room for competition and the selection of games on offer has been considerably greater. Sports management games, while not as popular as they used to be, live on through small and independent software development houses. Management titles today have transitioned to the very popular fantasy sports leagues, which are available through many websites such as Yahoo.
Nintendo has been able to make an impact upon the sports market by producing several Mario-themed titles, such as Super Mario Strikers and Mario Tennis. These titles sell respectfully, but are only available on Nintendo's video game consoles, for example GameCube, Nintendo 64, Nintendo DS, and the Wii .
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